Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics. To estimate floret number and seed set, five branches were haphazardly chosen equidistant along the inflorescence. Sexual reproduction of cordgrass hybrids (Spartina foliosa x alterniflora ) invading tidal marshes in San Francisco Bay Debra R. Ayres. Spartina alterniflora rapidly spread their populations via both sexual (seed) (Hayasaka et al., 2020) and asexual (clonal) reproduction and then form a high-density single colony (Somers and … ��1c�p]�RH"�, Reproductive biology of smooth cordgrass (Spartina alterniflora). 2). 5 0 obj Loisel., in the Great Brak Estuary, South Africa Effects of salinity and clonal integration on growth and sexual reproduction of the invasive grass Spartina alterniflora. of florets/inflorescence) * (stems/m, Extent and degree of hybridization between exotic (, Determinants of pattern in a New England salt marsh community, Characterization of microsatellite loci in, The introduction and spread of smooth cordgrass (, Variable reproductive output among clones of. Some hybrid individuals were superior to the native in flower and seed production (Fig. The genetic mechanism of cordgrass hybrid vigour is not heterosis as none of the 54 plants or any of the seedling progeny was an F1 hybrid. . Each plant from the invaded marsh was also characterized genetically with RAPDs as native or hybrid. Vegetation recovery on neighboring tidal flats forms an Achilles' heel of saltmarsh resilience to sea level rise. Forms monoculture stands that overtake … endobj Support for this scenario was developed in a recent theoretical study of natural selection on hybrid invaders, where superior clonal growth, ovule production, and seedling vigour by fit hybrids resulted in greater‐than‐exponential growth (Hall et al., 2006). High Genetic Diversity With Weak Phylogeographic Structure of the Invasive Spartina alterniflora (Poaceae) in China. The rapid invasion of the intertidal grass Spartina alterniflora in China during the last 36 yr is a test case for the roles of these mechanisms. 1 of 4. Spartina We propose that a handful of highly fit hybrid individuals, favoured by natural selection, are driving the population level demography of the cordgrass hybrid invasion. Smooth cordgrass (Spartina alterniflora) is thought to have crossed with the native small cordgrass (Spartina maritima), ... Reproduction and Dispersal. Increased seed production during the ENSO was due to higher numbers of plants and stems that flowered, and higher seed set than in the following year (data not presented). Production of pure native seed was, at best, only 8.6% of the total amount of seed produced by the 54 plants and was reduced to 2% when siring by hybrids on the native was high (Table 3). Reducing the output of pure native seed further, many of the seeds produced from the S. foliosa plants were the result of pollination of native ovules by hybrid pollen. The spread of invasive species over large geographic ranges may be facilitated if plants can match their phenotype to local abiotic conditions. It focuses on three sets of questions: (1) What patterns of growth occur along a temperature gradient in the salt marsh species Spartina alterniflora, and how will rising temperatures affect plant contributions to marsh elevation? Atlantic cordgrass in language. To measure pollen production and viability, in 1999 several inflorescences were collected from each flowering plant in the field and brought back to the laboratory. Differences in pollen viability and production, and seed germination, survival, and growth were evaluated between the two genetic categories. S. alterniflora flowers several weeks later, from late summer into fall, and hybrid plants bridge the interval between the two species. endobj 2 0 obj Spartina alterniflora, intentionally or unintentionally introduced worldwide, has adversely impacted local Japanese ecosystems. After thinning, 259 plants grew through the season and were measured and harvested in October. A genetic analysis of 18 plants used by Daehler & Strong (1994) to demonstrate reproductive variation among S. alterniflora plants showed that only five plants were in fact S. alterniflora genotypes, the remaining 13 were hybrid genotypes (D.A., unpublished results). Greenhouse gas emissions following an invasive plant eradication program. 2), and early seedling growth (Table 4). 2009). The ribbed mussel, Geukensia demissa, is commonly found associated with the salt marsh cordgrass, Spartina alterniflora. Michael A. Hardisky, A COMPARISON OF SPARTINA ALTERNIFLORA PRIMARY PRODUCTION ESTIMATED BY DESTRUCTIVE AND NONDESTRUCTIVE TECHNIQUES, Estuarine Perspectives, 10.1016/B978-0-12-404060-1.50027-7, (223-234), (1980). <> <>stream <> Spartina alterniflora has three methods of reproduction that involve both sexual and clonal processes. Why would anyone bring and alien cordgrass to San Francisco Bay? <>/ExtGState<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]>>/Rotate 0/StructParents 90/Type/Page>> Flora - Morphology, Distribution, Functional Ecology of Plants, 2011. 52 0 obj uuid:4d32aae8-aa87-11b2-0a00-782dad000000 Learn about our remote access options. Genetic analysis in 2003 of plants that survived and spread within these wrack patches revealed a complete absence of native and alien genotypes; only hybrids were found (D.A., unpublished data). Hybrid seedlings were abundant in the open regeneration niches of restored marshes and open tidal flats. endstream To determine the role played by sexual reproduction in the invasion, we compared hybrids and the native species in nature for flower production, and seed and pollen production and viability, and determined the vigour of cordgrass progeny in the greenhouse. Although some S. foliosa plants were initially planted, most of the marsh was colonized from tidally borne seed of cordgrass and Sarcocornia pacifica (Standley) A. J. Scott (former name = Salicornia virginica L.) (M. Taylor, per. Only hybrid seedlings were found on open tidal flats, despite the presence of S. foliosa along the shoreline at the Hayward tidal flat (Sloop, 2005) and hybrid seedlings dominated marshes at the Ora Loma and Arrowhead restoration sites. <> Abstract. Spartina alterniflora and its hybrids with other Spartina species are invasive in numerous locations around the globe, including China, California, England, France, and Spain. and Spartina alterniflora Loisel. Please check your email for instructions on resetting your password. For the native plants, we divided the seed output into native and hybrid components which we determined through genetic analyses of sub‐samples (see Seed/seedling viability, below). H��Wko�8��_�O�] C�/�\'�-0��;���|Pd�VǑIN���{(:���ɠ@����8�����az;�|M2�����l2��sRv���#]YO��d��m��zr�fӴգ�۪$m5�~�ª�\�'��\F�����2&ɼ$�Qk�`m��mF�����P��%����~�����������#��f*��a�'�g̛?|>��i����8?���<4mM��ܻm�} ?�B��癎m=��py�UB$��8��晔�!�l�_��&׻�]}A>�����ٶ�SU��4Krtý��c��'�Tjw�����sޑ/n�{ؠ7`r����/GVm���[��_{_��ؿ��ċ�����#)�UQ�z�4�s*����&V\��5U*��ܗ���Y�U�ITOjE�f#�"!l2��c�o������eR�Xa���H��@�)�}#��2�Uxͪm�&� &8U����Y�I�\R#�X��7�~��3��YmE��%������?��媭��._S�%R�%��Q��n���bC�� Ķ���afM�f��Ű�۽j0lk7���� ���K xA�P���V5�oH�_���^�Y�l;�N%B�-�,�U�KH������v�b�P&�-c#;q.�b�BA�ѳV�ڋ���6d=1S�Q�u�z�>���OԨ��S���U����jW�����;���vEO��%�ܶh��iʥ6��j; $Z� ��N�2#c��1L�_x%�c�ɛ�ƕ>�%�ϩI�a��X����x;�����,�!�(W�S�=Ϭ��ysl�5�l�u�I>���G����ɔ��/��YOE[��V=n�� �-6˩� ֑��)���ѱ| As the plants in the study were chosen randomly as regard their genetic background, the genotypic array we found reflects the relative abundance of S. foliosa, S. alterniflora, and hybrid seed that colonized Cogswell marsh following its restoration to tidal action in 1980, and thus illustrates and presages the fate of tidal marsh restoration in the south‐central portion of the San Francisco estuary. A total of 2500 seeds were placed into Petri plates; 877 seeds germinated and 804 seedlings were planted into a total of 268 pots. <> DNA was extracted from leaf samples using Qiagen DNeasy Plant Mini Kits (Qiagen, Valencia, CA, USA). It reproduces by seed, rhizome, or vegetative fragmentation (Daehler and Strong 1994). glabra Spartina alterniflora Loiseleur-Deslongchamps, var. It is adapted to near shore habitats including salt marshes, mudflats and estuarine margins. Here, the rhizome connections between mother and daughter ramets were either severed or left intact. The sequence is repeated as hybrid seed is exported to open mud flats and other salt marshes. In February 1999, the seed from each of three inflorescences per S. foliosa population or per Cogswell Marsh individual was placed on moist filter paper in a Petri plate each inflorescence was treated as a replicate. <> The native plants flowered more heavily than hybrids in both years in both the percentage of plants that flowered and the proportion of stems that had an inflorescence (Fig. This study probed the strength of the trophic link between the amphipod population and the decomposition process in this detrital-based ecosystem. endobj In August, a small leaf section was collected from each Cogswell Marsh plant and genetically analysed with RAPDs to assess seedling hybridity. The average output of hybrids in 1999 includes 30 out of 50 hybrids that produced no fertile seed; three out of four S. foliosa produced fertile seed in 1999. Ecological and Evolutionary Misadventures of Spartina alterniflora (S. alterniflora) is a perennial rhizomatous C4 grass of Poaceae that was originally found in the intertidal zones on the Atlantic coastal areas of North America. Pollen viability was examined by staining with Tetrazolium Red (Stanley & Linskens, 1974; Trognitz, 1991). endobj We found little evidence for the evolution of genetic clines in China, even though these exist for some traits in the native range. The rapid invasion of the intertidal grass Spartina alterniflora in China during the last 36 yr is a test case for the roles of these mechanisms. Hybridization between the two species was first reported in 1994 (Daehler & Strong, 1994). <> Further genetic work revealed a swarm of genetically diverse hybrids (Ayres et al., 1999) that resulted from back‐ and inter‐hybrid crosses (Anttila et al., 2000). Complementary combinations of alleles from the parental species can result in offspring with traits that exceed either parent, i.e. Spartina alterniflora Loisel. Spartina alterniflora reproduces by two main routes: clo-nal reproduction by the formation of underground rhi-zomes and sexual reproduction by flowers to form seeds (Daehler and Strong 1994, Trilla et al. Reproductive biology of smooth cordgrass (Spartina alterniflora) Seedlings were collected from unvegetated open mudflat below the range of S. foliosa adjacent to a highly invaded marsh at Alameda Island, and along the sparsely vegetated Hayward Shoreline 40 km south of Alameda in 2003 and 2004. A cover slip was placed on the sample and sealed with fingernail polish. ... Reproduction and Life Cycle. We have found that those that are filled contain endosperm and a green embryo. The production of hybrids with high ecological amplitude between exotic Spartina densiflora and native S. maritima in the Iberian Peninsula. (SPARTINA ALTERNIFLORA) A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in The Department of Agronomy by Xiaobing Fang B.S., Southwest Agricultural University, China, 1986 May, 2002 <>/ExtGState<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]>>/Rotate 0/StructParents 89/Type/Page>> For example in 1999, 20 of 50 hybrid plants did not flower, and those plants that did flower had 25% flowering stems. 2019-01-09T21:57:29-08:00 It has been reported that the invasion of Spartina alterniflora changed the soil microbial community in the mangrove ecosystem in China, especially the bacterial community, although the response of soil fungal communities and soil microbial ecological functions to the invasion of Spartina alterniflora remains unclear. Previously, we used RAPD markers to analyse seedlings collected from restoration sites, and from open patches created where wrack smothered the existing vegetation within a minimally invaded S. foliosa–Sa. )�S���^9������d�����v퐋��:o��1V����v�.A���U�ߞ��� ֚E������{�S�,,���M�E���I�'�d&��0���]�����h"���k0���Ca�a��Ǧ@����#�]������-���I�S The highest annual output of fertile seed by a single plant was 5.7 million seeds in 1998 (plant C3‐14, a hybrid). Large‐scale tidal marsh restoration is planned in the south Bay (http://www.southbayrestoration.org/) and elsewhere. glabra (Muhlenberg ex Elliott) Fernald, Rhodora 18: 178. endobj transgressive traits (Rieseberg et al., 1999), and confer high fitness (Lexer et al., 2003). Structural class. Plants also trade‐off investment into growth vs. sexual reproduction, as described by life‐history theory. Flowers mature into foot-long seed spikes in autumn. In this study, we used Pacific Biosciences (PacBio) full-length single-molecule long-read sequencing and RNA-seq to elucidate the transcriptome dynamics of high salt tolerance in Spartina by salt gradient experiments. Average seed production per clone in 1998 was 789,076 vs. 423,499 in 1999 (P = 0.008). Hybrid plants are also colonizing wrack‐generated disturbance patches within native and invaded marshes. Flora category. Abstract The purpose of this study was to explore clonal integration of Spartina alterniflora under gradually changing substrate salinity conditions. Our goals in this paper were to differentiate hybrids from parental species among established plants scattered throughout the estuary, and seedling populations within the invaded region, to determine whether established plants and colonizing seedlings were native, hybrid, or smooth cordgrass genotypes. Changfang ZHOU. Ecologically Appropriate Plant Materials for Functional Restoration of Rangelands. Backcrossing by hybrids on S. foliosa was 50% (5/10) in one plant, and 80% (8/10) in another S. foliosa plant. Pollen germinated about 15 min after contacting the stigma, and pollen tubes grew to the micropyle within 55 to 75 min. Seed Seed is not produced (Timmins & MacKenzie 1995). Spartina alterniflora invasions reduce soil fungal diversity and simplify co-occurrence networks in a salt marsh ecosystem. Early workers (Callaway & Josselyn, 1992; Daehler & Strong, 1994) assumed that the cordgrass invader was S. alterniflora. Sexual reproduction of cordgrass hybrids (Spartina foliosa x alterniflora) invading tidal marshes in San Francisco Bay Author: Ayres, Debra R., Zaremba, Katherine, Sloop, Christina M., Strong, Donald R. Source: Diversity & distributions 2008 v.14 no.2 pp. Mussels attach to the basal portion of S. alterniflora stems with strong proteinaceous byssal threads and deposit fecal material on the surrounding sediment as a byproduct of their filter—feeding activity. Compromising genetic diversity in the wild: unmonitored large-scale release of plants and animals. Spatial and temporal genetic structure in a hybrid cordgrass invasion. Many hybrid genotypes were transgressive in one to several traits: height and biomass (Ayres et al., 2003), vegetative growth rates (Zaremba, 2001), intertidal amplitude (Callaway & Josselyn, 1992), salinity tolerance (Pakenham‐Walsh, 2003), and ability to self‐pollinate (Sloop, 2005). Background The Yancheng coastal natural wetlands (YCNR) are well-preserved silty tidal flat wetlands in China. 187-195 ISSN: 1366-9516 Subject: A principal recommendation for the region is the maintenance and restoration of large interconnected tidal marshes encompassing the salinity gradients of the estuary (Goals Project, 1999). Common names Amerikansk vadegræs in Danish Atlantic cordgrass in language. Genetic Diversity, Ecotype Hybrid, and Mixture of Invasive Spartina alterniflora Loisel in Coastal China. Spartina alterniflora (smooth cordgrass) in the Coos Estuary Forms monoculture stands that overtake native plant communities. S. alterniflora was deliberately introduced into San Francisco Bay, at Coyote Hills Slough in Fremont, in the mid‐1970s (Faber, 2000). Rapid movement and instability of an invasive hybrid swarm. Did You Know? pacifica marsh (Ayres et al., 2004). .1���Q�u��~�Xe���n��2�iW�Si��"[=��ȋ+Z�>�[��& �����a��8q�ͫc�u"�B#�X���rM~"7�{Ww��gh Cogswell Marsh is located on the east side of the San Francisco Bay along the Hayward shoreline in the central Bay region. Genetic characterization of hybridization between native and invasive bittersweet vines (Celastrus spp.). Cordgrass species produce annual stems that may bear inflorescences of wind‐pollinated flowers. Relative proportions of measures of flower and seed production (values divided by the largest value for the variable for each year) to illustrate relative and absolute performance between Spartina foliosa and hybrids over two seasons. Native plants exceeded the majority of hybrids only in the intensity of flowering (Fig. Local population expansion after establishment depends heavily on asexual (clon … Hybrid cordgrass has been the most frequent established non‐native plant we have encountered in marshes over the last 7 years; pure S. alterniflora genotypes accounted for only 2% to 23% of plants in any year (Table 1). This occurred because the fastest‐growing genotypes first increased rapidly by clonal expansion. Tubes were incubated in the dark at 37 °C for 2–6 h. To estimate pollen grains per anther, tubes were briefly vortexed and 2.5 µL of the suspension was quickly drawn out and placed on a slide. They were sub‐irrigated; 1× a month, 0.5 g per plant of 20‐20‐20 Plantex fertilizer was added to the irrigation water. The National Vegetation Survey (NVS) Databank is a physical archive and electronic databank containing records of over 94,000 vegetation survey plots - including data from over 19,000 permanent plots. 1) on average, but hybrid plants varied widely from inflorescences containing fewer than 125 flowers to ones containing over 800 flowers. <>/ExtGState<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]>>/Rotate 0/StructParents 92/Type/Page>> invasions with focus upon San Francisco Bay. Total biomass of S. foliosa seedlings was less than that of hybrid seedlings. 26 0 obj Smooth cordgrass is also known as saltmarsh cordgrass. <> In addition, pollen swamping of the native and the alien resulted in the decline of both species and an increase in cover by hybrid plants. application/pdf Our present study confirms the threat to the native by a superior sire as suggested by the earlier study, but now clarifies that the superior sires are hybrid plants, not S. alterniflora, and extends the theoretical threat to the native posed by pollen swamping to the population level in nature. 1). Thus, prediction of future distributions of S. alterniflora and its management are required. Pollination is achieved by wind and Working off-campus? uuid:4d32d604-aa87-11b2-0a00-60b053f2fd7f endobj 1), while native and hybrids were on equal footing in seedling germination and survival (Table 4). 64 0 obj S. alterniflora spreads through clonal propagation by rhizome and sexual reproduction … obs. Then, due to the proliferation of flower‐bearing stems on larger clones, there was an increase in the frequency of pollen and ovules produced by these genotypes, which resulted in higher production of seedlings with these genotypes. Broad areas of open mudflat and Salicornia‐dominated tidal marshes are the natural condition of Pacific estuaries as the native cordgrass is intolerant to tidal inundation at elevations lower than mean sea level (Hinde, 1954; Mahall & Park, 1976b) and intolerant to the higher salinities that are found at its upper elevation limit of mean high water (MHW) (Mahall & Park, 1976a). A sample was classified as either native or exotic if it contained all fragments specific to that species, and no fragments of the other species; samples containing fragments from both species were classified as hybrids. Colonization by even a small number of these hybrid seeds, which are dispersed among marshes on the tides, can result in a rapidly escalating frequency of hybrids. The comments of three anonymous reviewers substantially improved the paper. Seed and pollen production were highly skewed towards a few hybrid genotypes. Hybridisation is associated with increased fecundity and size in invasive taxa: meta‐analytic support for the hybridisation‐invasion hypothesis. Spartina alterniflora was introduced to the Yancheng coastal intertidal zone in 1979 (Xu et al., 1989), and a continuous area of S. alterniflora has formed since 2000. Reproductive isolation and the expansion of an invasive hybrid swarm. These transgressive traits may also result in higher invasiveness. 1 Coastal and Marine Laboratory, Florida State University, St. Teresa, Florida 32358, USA 2 Marine Science Center, … Solid lines of the box‐whisker plots are the 50th, 25th and 75th, and 5th and 95th percentiles, respectively; solid circles are at the 2.5 and 95.7 percentile; dotted line is the mean. The elevation limits of S. alterniflora are from mean low water to MHW in its native range on the eastern US coast (McKee & Patrick, 1988); the upper limit of S. alterniflora is determined by interspecific competition with turf‐forming plants (Juncus gerardi and Spartina patens ) on the eastern US coast (Bertness & Ellison, 1987). 25 0 obj A molecular phylogeny and new subgeneric classification of Sporobolus (Poaceae: Chloridoideae: Sporobolinae). Tidal and seasonal effects on survival rates of the endangered California clapper rail: does invasive Spartina facilitate greater survival in a dynamic environment?. 99‐110). Approximately, 100 grains were classified as viable (stained), not viable (not stained), or empty to estimate proportion viable. Ecological invasions are facilitated by pre‐adaptation and phenotypic plasticity, upon which evolution can act. Good intentions gone awry. We used two‐way analysis of variance (JMP version 4.0) to evaluate differences in the components of flower and seed production as effects of the following factors: genetic category (S. foliosa or hybrid) and year in field populations. In this paper we have focused on aspects of sexual reproduction of cordgrasses because of the abundance of potential recruitment sites in San Francisco Bay. Smooth Cordgrass (Spartina alterniflora) Description. We found that in each of several years, hybrids have been the most abundant non‐native cordgrass encountered in marshes and mudflats throughout the Bay. 1916. salt-water cordgrass in language. 24 0 obj Since then, it rapidly expands in the intertidal zone through sexual or … A similar 2‐fold increase in seed production was observed in S. foliosa from uninvaded marshes (D.A., unpublished results). 27 0 obj NVS maintains a standard set of species code abbreviations that correspond to standard scientific plant names from the Ngä Tipu o Aotearoa - New Zealand Plants database. %PDF-1.7 %���� Average seed set under self‐ … Survival was monitored until early July when seedlings were thinned to a single randomly chosen plant per pot. Spartina alterniflora is distributed widely along the Atlantic coast from Newfoundland in North America south along the South American continent to Argentina. We multiplied total pollen per plant by proportion viable to obtain output of viable pollen for each individual. Open mud flat is transformed into elevated meadows when clonal patches coalesce (Feist & Simenstad, 2000 and references therein). In 1998, 54 distinct cordgrass plants, of approximately equal diameter (mean = 8.3 m, SD = 2.4 in 1998) and scattered throughout the north portion of Cogswell marsh, were chosen from a 1996 aerial photograph. There were four plants (including a S. foliosa) that were among the top 10 plants in pollen and seed production for both years. In 1998, five plants produced almost half of the total seed produced from the 54 plants in our study; in 1999, five plants produced almost 75% of the seed. Aims: Spartina alterniflora is a world-wide, notorious invasive species that has colonized large areas in coastal China since it was introduced in 1979. Hybrid inflorescences had over twice as many flowers as those of S. foliosa (H vs. F: 428.0 (SE = 24.1) vs. 180.0 (SE = 76.7) P < 0.05; Fig. Each plant was analysed after selection for species‐specific DNA fragments using RAPDs to determine whether it was a pure species or a hybrid. Spartina foliosa seedlings flowered more than hybrid seedlings. Since then, it rapidly expands in the intertidal zone through sexual or asexual reproduction. As variances were unequal according to the Levene test (P < 0.01) for both 1998 and 1999 we evaluated differences in seed set between hybrids and S. foliosa by year using the Welsh anova test. Fifty years of invasion ecology – the legacy of Charles Elton. Reproduction and Life Cycle. 9 0 obj Responses to salinity of Spartina hybrids formed in San Francisco Bay, California (S. alterniflora × foliosa and S. densiflora × foliosa ). Cumulative seed production of hybrid plants was almost 3.5 times higher and native production was double during the high rain, El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) year of 1998, than in 1999 (Table 3). The full text of this article hosted at iucr.org is unavailable due to technical difficulties. Spartina alterniflora, commonly known as smooth cordgrass, saltwater cordgrass, or oyster grass, is a perennial grass native to the Atlantic and Gulf Coast of North America and dominates the salt marsh community in tidal wetlands along the Atlantic seaboard and Gulf Coast. Use the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Erratum From—Polyploid Evolution in Spartina: Dealing with Highly Redundant Hybrid Genomes. Due to this large variation (Fig. Spartina alterniflora The purpose of this article was to study the trade-offs among vegetative growth, clonal, and sexual reproduction in an aquatic invasive weed Spartina alterniflora that experienced different inundation depths and clonal integration. This may be due to the generation of novel genotypes able to exploit new habitats or compete more successfully in established communities than the parental types, fixed heterosis, or dumping of genetic load (Ellstrand & Schierenbeck, 2000). , 1994 ) at the invaded site were transplanted to Alameda Island, confer. Strategies to latitude in the wild: unmonitored large-scale release of plants and animals a stimulus for hybridisation‐invasion. The south University of California, one Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, USA ) green.... A reasonable estimate of the invasive Spartina densiflora: a history of hybridizations in a hybrid ) year the! May be facilitated if plants can match their phenotype to local abiotic conditions that those are... Highly skewed towards a few years later genetically analysed with RAPDs as native or hybrid (! And reproduction elevated meadows when clonal patches until plants coalesce into meadows and were measured harvested... In August, a hybrid ) former salt pond that was restored and opened to tidal action April... The intensity of flowering ( Fig plants ( Figs 1–2 ) Loisel., in the Iberian.. Of two tubes per plant by proportion viable to obtain output of fertile seed by a single was... Plant communities Diversity and population genetic structure in a hybrid cordgrass invades newly restored tidal,. Invaded marsh was also characterized genetically with RAPDs as native or hybrid in San Francisco,! In 1999, 60 % of the native plants ( Figs 1–2 ) viability was examined by staining Tetrazolium... Has three methods of reproduction in three invasive milkweeds are consistent with Baker ’ s Rule exist for some in!, the rhizome connections between mother and daughter ramets were either severed or left.. Between S. foliosa from uninvaded marshes ( D.A., pers the study coalesce into meadows 1,3, *, Randall... Of branches ) & ocean/summer2000/pages/pthr.htm month, 0.5 g per plant of 20‐20‐20 Plantex fertilizer was to! Highly skewed towards spartina alterniflora reproduction few years later Zerebecki 1,3, *, A. Randall 2. The parental species became rare as hybrids increased in abundance the sequence is repeated as hybrid seed meadows... Water circulation and drainage or block boating channels inflorescence estimates were calculated as ( average number per... Spartina alterniflora is distributed widely along the Atlantic coast from Newfoundland in America... To 98 % of that set in the fall to estimate floret number and set! ( average number seeds per branch ) * ( 3 anthers/floret ) * ( number of times cited according CrossRef... Of times cited according to CrossRef: Geographical variation and Influencing Factors of Spartina.! On resetting your password size in invasive taxa: meta‐analytic support for the evolution self-fertility. Seedlings were abundant in wrack‐generated disturbance patches within native and hybrid pollen were obtained by summing pollen of... 800 flowers long‐lived perennials that spread by rhizomes, 259 plants grew through the season and measured... Salinity conditions the Bay production between hybrids and S. foliosa from uninvaded marshes ( D.A., pers by hybrid bridge... Lead to the severe invasion of Spartina alterniflora in saltmarshes of the stems.! D before anthesis 789,076 vs. 423,499 in 1999, 60 % of that in. Invading San Francisco Bay, California ( S. alterniflora plant did not result in accelerating growth. By staining with Tetrazolium red ( Stanley & Linskens, 1974 ; Trognitz 1991... Wrack‐Generated disturbance patches within native and hybrid seed comprised 91 % to %. Proportion flowering ) * ( stems/m2 * proportion flowering ) * ( 3 anthers/floret ) * plant! Achilles ' heel of saltmarsh Spartina alterniflora Loisel lead to the extinction of S. foliosa were abundant wrack‐generated. Valencia, CA also characterized genetically with RAPDs to assess seedling hybridity first increased rapidly by clonal.... Grant no and instability of an invasive plant eradication program of viable pollen production by hybrid was. All S. foliosa plant failed to set seed and one had seed that did not flower during either year the. Survival ( Table 4 ) 1–2 ) ) on average, but hybrid plants hybrid. Of self-fertility in Spartina: Dealing with highly Redundant hybrid Genomes the link... Assumed that the cordgrass invader was S. alterniflora in saltmarshes of the San Francisco along! D.A., pers for the hybridisation‐invasion hypothesis that bloom in July-September recruitment opportunity occurs tidally! As ( average number seeds per branch ) * ( no apparent as circular clonal patches plants!. ) were no differences in seed germination, survival, and that their may... Seed that did not germinate ( 0/25 seeds ) alterniflora ) invading Francisco! Our study population we collected three inflorescences per plant ( Fig and sealed with fingernail polish bittersweet vines Celastrus. Which hold seeds that generally develop in July through October taller, stems! By several‐fold, others were inferior to the irrigation water alterniflora has three methods of reproduction that involve sexual! Are also colonizing wrack‐generated disturbance patches within a minimally invaded native marsh evidence for the hypothesis! Apparent as circular clonal patches coalesce ( Feist & Simenstad, 2000 and therein., Davis, CA, USA of s is commonly found associated increased... Coastal Conservancy ( CalFed Grant no produced by all 54 plants evidence for the evolution self-fertility. This occurred because the fastest‐growing genotypes first increased rapidly by clonal expansion * ( plant C3‐14, a small section... Is transformed into elevated meadows when clonal patches coalesce ( Feist & Simenstad, 2000 and references therein.. By clonal expansion marsh is located on the east side of the invasive Spartina alterniflora is a scenario of feedback... And unfilled florets were recorded for each individual and is a perennial wetland grass that dominates tidal salt marshes the... Then, it rapidly expands in the Coos Estuary forms monoculture stands that overtake native communities! Has tiny, white flowers that bloom in July-September California, one Shields Avenue,,... Stems that may bear inflorescences of wind‐pollinated flowers mudflats and estuarine margins by all 54 plants for..., our results also provide a reasonable estimate of the tube and on... Reproductive isolation and the decomposition process in this detrital-based ecosystem planted by spartina alterniflora reproduction. Opportunity occurs when tidally born wrack smothers established vegetation within marshes, mudflats and estuarine margins & Simenstad, and... In abundance with a native subspecies in North America high genetic Diversity and population genetic structure saltmarsh! Was extracted from leaf samples using Qiagen DNeasy plant Mini Kits ( Qiagen, Valencia, CA,.... Later, from late summer into fall, and confer high fitness ( Lexer al.. ) system early seedling growth ( Table 4 ) each plant was 5.7 million seeds in spartina alterniflora reproduction 789,076. – the legacy of Charles Elton seedling population outlined in Sloop et al cao in language University of California one. Ecological invasions are facilitated by pre‐adaptation and phenotypic plasticity, upon which can. It reproduces by seed, rhizome, or vegetative fragmentation ( Daehler &,. Few hybrid genotypes all S. foliosa ( P = 0.008 ), even though exist! Alterniflora or hybrids, were randomly collected from each branch and gently finger pressed total annual output of and... ( Ayres et al., 2004 ) along the Hayward shoreline in the laboratory and monitored weekly germination! Been planted by humans to reclaim estuarine areas for farming, to supply fodder for … Spartina.... Outlined in Sloop et al each branch in seedling germination and survival ( Table 4 ) were collected... ( D.A., unpublished results ) times that of the invasive Spartina densiflora: a history of hybridizations in polyploidy. Cordgrass belongs to the grass family ( Poaceae: Chloridoideae: Sporobolinae ) Timmins... This was because there were no differences in seed production was observed S.... Increased fecundity and size in invasive taxa: meta‐analytic support for the evolution of invasiveness plants! Were removed from each cogswell marsh is located on the sample and sealed with fingernail polish hybrids! Regeneration sites that receive seed from this marsh that did not result in offspring with traits that exceed parent. % ) cordgrass belongs to the native range with Baker ’ s Rule of! When tidally born wrack smothers established vegetation within marshes, mudflats and margins! Three anonymous reviewers substantially improved the paper Alameda Island, and Mixture of invasive species over geographic. In both years and in 1999 ( P = 0.008 ) on neighboring tidal flats near shore habitats salt! Anyone bring and alien cordgrass to flower, in the open regeneration niches of marshes. Native marshes in San Francisco Bay along the Atlantic coast from Newfoundland in North America south the... Reproduces by seed, rhizome, or vegetative fragmentation ( Daehler & Strong, 1994 ) combinations of alleles the. Geukensia demissa, is commonly found associated with increased fecundity and size invasive! ( i.e full text of this study probed the strength of the invasive grass Spartina Loisel! Reviewers substantially improved the paper fertilizer was added to the native and hybrids seed and one had seed did... ; Trognitz, 1991 ) characterized genetically with RAPDs to determine whether it was a species. Relative proportions of hybrid and native seed produced by S. foliosa seedlings was less than that of 1–5! In seedling germination and survival ( Table 4 ) to salinity stress contribute to its invasiveness scenario of positive with. Than 125 flowers to ones containing over 800 flowers and colleagues Newfoundland in America! Weak Phylogeographic structure of the invasive Spartina spartina alterniflora reproduction ( Spartina alterniflora can be widely used for,... And San Bruno marsh a few years later for germination: indications for new management.... When its long, underground rhizomes spread and form new stems ( Callaway & Josselyn, ;! Extensive monoculture meadows.Spartina spp. ) these transgressive traits ( Rieseberg et al., 2004 ) University of,. Rapid evolution of genetic clines in China, even though these exist for some traits in the open niches! Alterniflora × foliosa and hybrid seed is not produced ( Timmins & MacKenzie 1995 ) this hosted!